Caracterização de cuidadores de pessoas com deficiência: invisibilidade e desafios de cuidar no contexto rural / Characterization of caregivers of people with disabilities: invisibility and challenges of caring for in the rural context / Caracterización de los cuidadores de personas con discapacidad: invisibilidad y retos del cuidado en el contexto rural

Objetivo: analisar as características dos cuidadores familiares de Pessoas com Deficiência no contexto rural. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, com 219 cuidadores de Pessoas com deficiência, que vivem no contexto rural, em oito municípios do sul do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados no período de setembro de 2018 a junho de 2019, por meio de um questionário com variáveis de caracterização e condições do cuidado e do cuidador. A análise dos dados foi realizada por frequência e comparação de frequência. Resultados: os cuidadores domiciliares são, em sua maioria, mulheres, mães, com idade entre 40-60 anos e com baixa escolaridade. Adoeceram após começar a cuidar, descansam pouco e necessitam melhores condições de saúde para ampliar sua qualidade de vida. Conclusão: no contexto rural as cuidadoras de pessoas com deficiência são, muitas vezes, invisíveis aos serviços de saúde e necessitam ser cuidadas.

Objective: to analyze the characteristics of family caregivers of People with Disabilities in the rural context. Method: this is a quantitative study, with 219 caregivers of People with Disabilities, who live in a rural context, in eight towns in southern Brazil. Data were collected from September 2018 to June 2019, using a questionnaire with characterization variables and conditions of the care and of the caregiver. Data analysis was conducted by means of frequency and frequency comparison. Results: home caregivers are mostly women, mothers, aged 40-60 years and with low education level. They became ill after starting to care for, rest a few hours, and need better health conditions to increase their quality of life. Conclusion: in the rural context, caregivers of people with disabilities are often invisible to health services and need to be cared for.

Objetivo: analizar las características de los cuidadores familiares de Personas con Discapacidad en el contexto rural. Método:se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, con 219 cuidadores de personas con discapacidad, que viven en el contexto rural, en ocho ayuntamientos del sur de Brasil. Los datos se recolectaron entre septiembre de 2018 y junio de 2019, mediante un cuestionario con variables de caracterización y condiciones del cuidado y del cuidador. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante frecuencias y comparación de frecuencias. Resultados: los cuidadores domiciliarios son en su mayoría mujeres, madres, entre 40 y 60 años y con bajo nivel educativo. Se enfermaron después de empezar a cuidar, descansan poco y necesitan mejores condiciones de salud para mejorar su calidad de vida. Conclusión: en el contexto rural, los cuidadores de personas con discapacidad suelen ser invisibles para los servicios de salud y necesitan ser atendidos.

Características sociodemográficas, de trabalho e saúde de homens e mulheres deficientes residentes em contexto rural / Características sociodemográficas, de trabajo y salud de hombres y mujeres discapacitados residentes en un contexto rural / Sociodemographic characteristics of work and health of disabled men and women living in a rural setting

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar as características sociodemográficas, de saúde e de trabalho de homens e mulheres com deficiência que residem em contexto rural. Método: Estudo transversal analítico, com 276 pessoas com deficiência residentes em cenário rural de oito municípios da região noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário fechado, com variáveis sociodemográficas, de trabalho e saúde, aplicado na residência dos participantes nos meses de setembro de 2018 a julho de 2019. Esses foram digitados e analisados no programa estatístico software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows, versão 18.0 por meio de estatística analítica descritiva (comparação de frequência). Para comparar os dois grupos (homens e mulheres) empregou-se o teste Qui-Quadrado. Resultados: Dos homens, 27,8% apresentaram deficiência física e a deficiência múltipla foi mais frequente na mulher (p<0,001). O trabalho na agricultura e do lar eram mais frequentes no sexo feminino e as atividades autônomas e empregatícias, no sexo masculino. Ambos recebiam BPC, ainda que 18% não tivessem nenhum tipo de benefício. Homens tinham duas vezes mais chance de serem tabagistas e quase três vezes maior risco de etilismo que as mulheres (p<0,001). Conclusão: As características de pessoas com deficiência que residem em contexto rural se diferenciam entre os sexos, no que se refere à deficiência, trabalho e hábitos que vulnerabilizam a saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar las características sociodemográficas, de salud y de trabajo de hombres y mujeres con discapacidad que residen en contexto rural. Método: estudio transversal analítico, con 276 personas con discapacidad residentes en escenario rural de ocho municipios de la región noroeste del Estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Los datos fueron recogidos a través de un cuestionario cerrado, con variables sociodemográficas, de trabajo y salud, aplicado en la residencia de los participantes en los meses de septiembre de 2018 a julio de 2019. Estos fueron introducidos y analizados en el programa estadístico software StatisticalPackageforthe Social Sciencesfor Windows, versión 18.0. por medio de estadística analítica descriptiva (comparación de frecuencia). Para comparar los dos grupos (hombres y mujeres) se empleó la Prueba de chi-cuadrado. Resultados: de los hombres, el 27,8% presentó discapacidad física y la discapacidad múltiple fue más frecuente en la mujer (p<0,001). El trabajo en la agricultura y en el hogar eran más frecuentes en el sexo femenino y las actividades autónomas y de empleo, en el sexo masculino. Ambos recibían BPC, aunque el 18% no tenía ningún tipo de beneficio. Los hombres tenían dos veces más probabilidades de ser fumadores y casi tres veces mayor riesgo de etilismo que las mujeres (p<0,001). Conclusión: las características de las personas con discapacidad que residen en un contexto rural se diferencian entre los sexos, en lo que se refiere a la discapacidad, trabajo y hábitos que vulneran la salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: Comparing the sociodemographic characteristics of health and work of men and women with disabilities living in a rural context. Method: A cross-sectional analytical study with 276 people with disabilities living in a rural setting in eight cities in the Northwest Region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Data were collected through a closed questionnaire with sociodemographic, work and health variables applied at the participants' residence from September 2018 to July 2019. These were typed and analyzed in the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows, version 18.0 by means of descriptive analytical statistics (frequency comparison). To compare the two groups (men and women) the Chi-Square test was used. Results: Of the men, 27.8% had physical disabilities and multiple disability was more frequent in women (p<0.001). Work in agriculture and home was more frequent in females and autonomous and employment activities in males. Both received PB, although 18% did not have any kind of benefit. Men were twice as likely to be smokers and almost three times higher risk of alcohol than women (p<0.001). Conclusion: The characteristics of people with disabilities living in a rural setting differ between the genders, with regard to disability, work and habits that make health vulnerable.

La experiencia de la movilidad cotidiana desde la mirada de las personas con discapacidad / Experiences from mobility through the sight of disabledpeople

En el presente trabajo se incorpora al estudio de la movilidad cotidiana desde el reconocimiento de experiencias de las personas con discapacidad y la relación con el espacio urbano. El debate sobre la movilidad cotidiana en la ciudad desprende varios frentes de análisis, refiere a una solicitud coyuntural de dinámicas urbanas en correspondencia con los actores sociales; así mismo, propone una observación multidisciplinaria desde enfoques teóricos-metodológicos para la argumentación de la realidad social contemporánea. La propuesta es una delimitación sobre enfoques que ofrece la panorámica sobre el fenómeno de la movilidad y las implicaciones de nuevas categorías, así como la incorporación de otros actores que se deben contemplar para establecer un proceso de inclusión y accesibilidad. Se suscribe en un esquema desde las prácticas de la movilidad con relación a una escala a nivel micro (tanto en lo espacial como lo social) que favorece la detección de diferenciaciones en el mismo entorno bajo características particulares. La dinámica de la movilidad cotidiana refleja diversas problemáticas urbanas que precisan abordarse no sólo en términos de cantidad sino de calidad. Tales dificultades dentro del entorno urbano implican cuestiones como el tiempo, contemplado desde la espera del transporte, el traslado, el trasbordo y las eventualidades que llegasen a ocurrir; así como la distancia, los trayectos entre los centros laborales o educativos y las zonas residenciales. Todas estas contradicciones dentro de la vida cotidiana presentan otro matiz para los individuos de características diferentes, para personas con discapacidad, adultos mayores, menores de edad que comparten en el espacio como transeúntes de la ciudad.

This paper is incorporated to everyday mobility studies from recognizing experiences of people with disabilities in relation to the urban space. The debate on everyday mobility in the city allows different ways to be analyzed; it refers to a relevant request about urban dynamics linked to social actors. Likewise it is a proposal to observe through a multidisciplinary approach and focus on theory and methodology to discuss about current social reality. The proposal is a boundary among approaches which offers a perspective about the phenomenon of mobility and new categories and the incorporation of other actors that must be considered to establish a process of inclusion and accessibility. It is an outline from mobility practices in relation to micro scale from special to social aspects that allows detecting distinctions in the same surroundings under individual characteristics.

Quality of life of family caregivers of children with microcephaly

Assess the quality of life of family caregivers of children with microcephaly.This is an analytical cross-sectional study developed in Teresina-PI, carried out in a rehabilitation center. For data collection a form was used to investigate the sociodemographic profile and the Medical Outcomes Study 36 -Item Short-Form Health Survey instrument to assess quality of life. For data analysis, we used the statistical tests Student's t, ANOVA, U-Mann Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis. The descriptive analysis of the results showed that the functional capacity domain presented the most impairment by obtaining the highest score. The dimensions vitality and pain showed the lowest averages, representing the less affected domains. The associations between the sociodemographic characteristics and the domains of quality of life were significant between the variables marital status and pain, education and the domains vitality and emotional aspect, and between employment status and general health status. The quality of life of family caregivers presented losses related to the change of routine and the difficulties faced on a daily basis, highlighting the importance of covering the health of caregivers within the assistance offered to children with special needs, contributing to the well-being of those who care and consequently of those who are cared for.

Casos de violência contra pessoas com deficiência notificados por serviços de saúde brasileiros, 2011-2017 / Casos de violencia contra personas con discapacidad notificados por los servicios de salud brasileños, 2011-2017 / Cases of violence against people with disabilities notified by Brazilian health services, 2011-2017

Objetivo: Descrever os casos de violência contra pessoas com deficiência notificados por serviços de saúde brasileiros, em 2011-2017. Métodos: Estudo descritivo de dados secundários das notificações de violência contra pessoas com deficiência no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan). Resultados: Foram registrados 116.219 casos de violência contra pessoas com deficiência no período. A maioria das vítimas era do sexo feminino (67%), branca (50,7%), na idade de 20 a 59 anos (61,6%), com deficiência mental (58,1%), sendo frequente a ocorrência de múltipla deficiência (15,9%), especialmente mental e intelectual. A violência autoprovocada correspondeu a 44,5% das notificações, enquanto a violência física foi a mais notificada (51,6%); em 36,5% das notificações, o provável agressor era um membro da família. Conclusão: A descrição dos casos de violência contra pessoas com deficiência, notificados por serviços de saúde brasileiros, pode contribuir para a formulação e aprimoramento de políticas públicas voltadas a esse importante problema.

Objetivo: Describir los casos de violencia contra personas con discapacidad notificados por servicios de salud brasileños en el período 2011 - 2017. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de datos secundarios de notificaciones de violencia contra personas con discapacidad registradas en el Sistema de Información de Agravamiento de Notificación (Sinan). Resultados: En el período se registraron 116.219 casos de violencia contra personas con discapacidad. La mayoría de las víctimas eran mujeres (67%), blancas (50,7%), entre 20 y 59 años (61,6%) con discapacitad mental (58,1%), y con discapacidades múltiples, que ocurren con frecuencia (15,9%), especialmente mental e intelectual. La violencia autoinfligida representó el 44,5% de las notificaciones. La violencia física fue la más denunciada (51,6%) y en el 36,5% de las notificaciones, el probable agresor fue un miembro de la familia. Conclusión: La descripción de casos de violencia contra personas con discapacidad notificados por los servicios de salud puede contribuir a la formulación y mejora de las políticas públicas para enfrentar este importante problema.

Objective: To describe cases of violence against people with disabilities notified by Brazilian health services between 2011 and 2017. Methods: This was a descriptive study of secondary data on notifications of violence against people with disabilities recorded on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (Sinan). Results: 116,219 cases of violence against people with disabilities were recorded in the period. Most of the victims were female (67%), White (50.7%), between 20 and 59 years old (61.6%) and mentally disabled (58.1%), with multiple disabilities occurring frequently (15.9%), especially mental and intellectual disabilities. Self-inflicted violence accounted for 44.5% of notifications. Physical violence was the most reported (51.6%), and in 36.5% of notifications the probable aggressor was a family member. Conclusion: The description of cases of violence against people with disabilities notified by Brazilian health services can contribute to the formulation and improvement of public policies to address this important problem.

Alta prevalencia de discapacidad en adultos mayores de 15 departamentos de Honduras, año 2015 / High prevalence of disability in older adults in 15 departments of Honduras, year 2015

Antecedentes: La prevalencia mundial de discapa- cidad en adultos mayores oscila entre 29.5% y 43.4% en países de ingreso alto/bajo (OMS 2011). Objetivo: Determinar la preva- lencia de discapacidad y factores asociados en adultos mayores, Honduras, 2014-2015. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal con análisis de asociación. Estudiantes de último año, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, realizaron búsqueda activa de 50 participantes ≥60 años de edad. Se aplicaron dos instrumentos, uno para búsqueda activa y otro para caracterizar al participante con/sin discapacidad permanente ≥1 año de evolu- ción. Se evaluó limitación de actividad y restricción de participación ≤30 días utilizando la Clasiicación Internacional del Funcionamien- to, Discapacidad y Salud (CIF) y cuestionario WHODAS 2.0 (OMS). Se realizó análisis univariado (frecuencias, porcentajes, prevalen- cias, IC95%) y análisis bivariado (diferencia de proporciones); valor p<0.05 se consideró signiicativo). Resultados: De un total de 5,126 participantes ≥60 años de edad, 3,017 (58.9%) mujeres, edad pro- medio 73.6 años (rango 60-106), la prevalencia de discapacidad fue 51.2% (2,627/5,126); discapacidad grado leve se presentó en 1,893 (72.1%). Las estructuras relacionadas con movimiento (75.5%) y función esquelética (72.6%) fueron las más afectadas. La limitación de moverse (93.4%) y la restricción en invertir dinero propio y fami- liar en su estado de salud (86.8%) fueron las más frecuentes. Los factores sexo femenino, edad>70 años, escolaridad <6 años, enfer- medades crónicas, trauma, accidente o violencia podrían estar aso- ciados a discapacidad; todos p<0.01. Discusión: La discapacidad en adultos mayores se asoció a algunas condiciones prevenibles. Es apremiante implementar programas de envejecimiento saludable en Honduras...(AU)

Polypharmacy is associated with multiple health-related outcomes in Mexican community-dwelling older adults / La polifarmacia se asocia con múltiples resultados en salud

Abstract: Objective: To determine the association between polypharmacy and multiple health-related outcomes in older adults. Materials and methods: We carried out a cross-sectional analysis with 274 community-dwelling older adults aged ≥60 years in Mexico City. We used the following health-related outcomes: frailty, dementia, functional capacity, falls, disability, and quality of life. The main exposure was polypharmacy (chronic use of six or more drugs). Ordinal logistic regression, binary logistic regression, Poisson regression, and linear regression models were used to estimate the association between polypharmacy and the outcomes analyzed. Results: Polypharmacy was present in 45% of the sample. Polypharmacy was significantly associated with frailty status, and marginally, with dementia. We also observed significant associations for instrumental activities of daily living, falls, disability, and quality of life. Conclusions: Given that polypharmacy has reached levels of a global epidemic, it is necessary to take radical actions to reduce the concomitant problems of the use of multiple drugs.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre la polifarmacia y múltiples resultados relacionados con la salud de los adultos mayores. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un análisis transversal con 274 adultos mayores que residen en comunidad, edad ≥60 años, en la Ciudad de México. Se utilizaron los siguientes resultados relacionados con la salud: fragilidad, demencia, capacidad funcional, caídas, discapacidad y calidad de vida. La exposición principal fue la polifarmacia (uso crónico de seis o más fármacos). Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística ordinal, regresión logística binaria, regresión de Poisson y regresión lineal para estimar la asociación entre la polifarmacia y los resultados analizados. Resultados: La polifarmacia estuvo presente en 45% de la muestra. La polifarmacia se asoció significativamente con el estado de fragilidad y marginalmente con la demencia. También se observaron asociaciones significativas para actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria, caídas, discapacidad y calidad de vida. Conclusiones: Dado que la polifarmacia ha alcanzado niveles de epidemia global, es necesario tomar medidas radicales para reducir los problemas concomitantes del uso de múltiples medicamentos.

Una aproximación al mundo de los trabajadores con discapacidad en la ciudad de Cali / An approach to the world of workers with disabilities in Cali city

Las personas con discapacidad han vivido exclusión social y un limitado acceso al trabajo. Sin embargo, algunas han logrado traspasar las barreras de la inserción laboral y se desempeñan como trabajadores. Indagar la estructura ocupacional y algunas características de su inserción laboral son los objetivos de este estudio. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal a 160 trabajadores con discapacidad en la ciudad de Cali. Se encontró que la estructura ocupacional de los trabajadores con discapacidad es heterogénea y está segmentada por sexo, nivel educativo y tipo de discapacidad. Además, se evidenció que la presencia de nichos laborales propios quizá como una estrategia para evitar la exclusión laboral.

People with disabilities have experienced social exclusion and limited access to work. Though, some of them have managed to overcome barriers of labor insertion and perform a job. To investigate the occupational structure and some characteristics of their labor insertion are the objectives of this study. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out on 160 workers with disabilities in Cali city. It was found that the occupational structure of workers with disabilities is heterogeneous and is segmented by sex, educational level and type of disability. In addition, It was evidenced that the presence of own labor niches perhaps as a strategy to avoid labor exclusion.

Leprosy in the elderly population of an endemic state in the Brazilian Northeast (2001-2017): epidemiological scenario

Abstract This ecological study aims to analyze both the tendency and the characteristics of leprosy in the elderly population in the state of Bahia, 2001-2017. The tendency was analyzed through joinpoint regression. Epidemiological variables were also included in the study. The average detection rate was 38.73/100,000, with prevalence of men (45.19/100,000). A downward trend occurred in both genders, from 2004, with a greater magnitude in women (annual percent change [APC] = −3.4%). Men presented higher proportions of the multibacillary forms and physical disabilities. The epidemiological scenario indicates the need of implementation of actions that stimulate early diagnosis and treatment of the elderly population.

RDQA - Relatório Detalhado do Quadrimestre Anterior da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Tocantins [1º Quadrimestre de 2020] / RDQA - Detailed Report for the Previous Quadrimester of the Tocantins State Health Department [1st Quadrimester of 2020]

O Relatório Detalhado do Quadrimestre Anterior (RDQA) apresentam os resultados alcançados com a execução da PAS a cada quadrimestre e orientam eventuais redirecionamentos. Eles têm a função de comprovar a aplicação de todos os recursos do Fundo de Saúde. É instrumento indissociável do Plano e de suas respectivas Programações, sendo a principal ferramenta para subsidiar o processo de monitoramento e avaliação da gestão. Tem seu modelo padronizado pela Resolução nº 459 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde - CNS, de 10 de outubro de 2012, publicada no DOU de 21/12/2012, conforme dispõe o Parágrafo 4º do Artigo 36 da Lei Complementar nº 141/2012. A Programação Anual de Saúde (PAS) é a referência de execução das ações e serviços públicos em saúde, cujo processo de sua gestão é demonstrado no Relatório de Gestão: a cada quadrimestre no RDQA e ao final do exercício no Relatório Anual de Gestão (RAG).

The Detailed Report for the Previous Quadrimester (RDQA) presents the results achieved with the execution of the PAS every four months and guides any redirections. They have the function of proving the application of all the resources of the Health Fund. It is an inseparable instrument of the Plan and its respective Programs, being the main tool to support the process of monitoring and evaluation of management. Its model is standardized by Resolution No. 459 of the National Health Council - CNS, of October 10, 2012, published in the DOU of 12/21/2012, as provided in Paragraph 4 of Article 36 of Complementary Law No. 141/2012. The Annual Health Program (PAS) is the benchmark for executing public health actions and services, whose management process is demonstrated in the Management Report: every four months in the RDQA and at the end of the year in the Annual Management Report (RAG) ).

El Informe Detallado del Cuatrimestre Anterior (RDQA) presenta los resultados obtenidos con la ejecución del PAS cada cuatro meses y orienta las redirecciones. Tienen la función de acreditar la aplicación de todos los recursos del Fondo de Salud, instrumento inseparable del Plan y sus respectivos Programas, siendo la principal herramienta de apoyo al proceso de seguimiento y evaluación de la gestión. Su modelo se encuentra estandarizado por la Resolución No. 459 del Consejo Nacional de Salud - CNS, de 10 de octubre de 2012, publicada en el DOU de 21/12/2012, según lo dispuesto en el numeral 4 del artículo 36 de la Ley Complementaria No. 141/2012. El Programa Anual de Salud (PAS) es el referente para la ejecución de acciones y servicios de salud pública, cuyo proceso de gestión se demuestra en el Informe de Gestión: cuatrimestral en el RDQA y al final del año en el Informe Anual de Gestión (RAG) ).

Le rapport détaillé du quadrimestre précédent (RDQA) présente les résultats obtenus avec l'exécution du PAS tous les quatre mois et guide les éventuelles réorientations. Ils ont pour fonction de prouver l'application de toutes les ressources du Fonds de la Santé, instrument indissociable du Plan et de ses Programmes respectifs, étant le principal outil d'appui au processus de suivi et d'évaluation de la gestion. Son modèle est normalisé par la résolution n ° 459 du Conseil national de la santé - CNS du 10 octobre 2012, publiée au DOU du 21/12/2012, comme prévu au paragraphe 4 de l'article 36 de la loi complémentaire n ° 141/2012. Le Programme Annuel de Santé (PAS) est la référence pour la mise en œuvre d'actions et de services de santé publique, dont le processus de gestion est démontré dans le rapport de gestion: tous les quatre mois dans le RDQA et en fin d'année dans le rapport annuel de gestion (RAG) ).

Gender differences in disability among older adults in the context of social gender and income inequalities: 2013 Brazilian Health Survey / Diferenças de gênero na incapacidade entre idosos no contexto de desigualdades sociais de gênero e de renda: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013

ABSTRACT: Objectives: To estimate the magnitude of gender differences in disability among adults aged 60 and older and to evaluate whether they can be associated with social gender inequality and socioeconomic contextual factors at the level of Brazilian federative units. Methods: This is a multilevel study that used data from 23,575 older adults of 27 federative units who participated in the 2013 Brazilian Health Survey. The activity limitation index was developed from the item response theory, using activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living variables. The association of individual and contextual variables with disability was estimated by assessing the magnitude of differences between genders, using cross-level interaction effects in multilevel generalized linear models, including only the variables that were statistically significant in the final model. Results: The prevalence of disability was higher among women (37.6%) than among men (26.5%), totaling 32.7% of the older adults. In the adjusted multilevel analysis, disability was influenced by income inequality (γgini = 0.022, p < 0.001) among federative units. In addition, gender differences in disability were associated with social gender inequalities (γmgiiXsex = 0.020, p = 0.004). Conclusion: Women had higher disability disadvantages compared to men, and those differences were associated with social gender inequalities among the Brazilian federative units influenced by income inequality.

RESUMO: Objetivos: Estimar a magnitude das diferenças de gênero na incapacidade entre adultos com 60 anos ou mais e avaliar se elas podem estar associadas à desigualdade social de gênero e aos fatores contextuais socioeconômicos no nível das unidades federativas brasileiras. Métodos: Estudo multinível que utilizou dados de 23.575 adultos mais velhos das 27 unidades federativas que participaram da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013. O índice de limitação de atividades foi desenvolvido a partir da teoria de resposta ao item, utilizando-se variáveis de atividades básicas e instrumentais da vida diária. Foram estimadas as associações das variáveis individuais e contextuais com a incapacidade, avaliando-se a magnitude das diferenças entre os gêneros, ao utilizar efeitos de interação de nível cruzado em modelos lineares generalizados multiníveis, incluindo-se apenas as variáveis que foram estatisticamente significantes no modelo final. Resultados: A prevalência de incapacidade foi mais elevada entre as mulheres (37,6%) do que entre os homens (26,5%), totalizando 32,7% dos adultos mais velhos. Na análise multinível ajustada, a incapacidade foi influenciada pela desigualdade de renda (γgini = 0,022, p < 0,001) entre as unidades federativas. Além disso, as diferenças de gênero na incapacidade foram associadas com as desigualdades sociais de gênero (γmgiiXsex = 0,020, p = 0,004). Conclusões: As mulheres tiveram desvantagens maiores de incapacidade quando comparadas aos homens, e estas diferenças foram associadas às desigualdades sociais de gênero entre unidades federativas brasileiras, influenciadas pelas desigualdades de renda.

Disability on performing daily living activities in the elderly and history of falls: an analysis of the National Health Survey, 2013 / Dificuldade de realizar atividades de vida diária e histórico de quedas em idosos: uma análise da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013

ABSTRACT: Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the association between types of dependence for basic and instrumental activities of daily living and the occurrence of falls in the elderly. Methods: A cross-sectional, population-based study using data from 23,815 elderly people drawn from the National Health Survey (NHS) in 2013. The NHS, conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the Ministry of Health, presents data collected in 81,767 households in more than 1,600 municipalities. The association between the independent variable (ADL disabilities) and the dependent variable (history of falls) was performed through multiple and crude analyses, regression. Results: There was a greater association between using the toilet and transfers (ABVD) and falls, and between shopping and taking care of finances (IADL) and falls. In addition, the association between Basic Activities of Daily Living and falls was greater for up to four activities, and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living for up to three activities. Conclusion: Thus, the results obtained in the NHS reinforce the planning of preventive strategies considering the functional dependence.

RESUMO: Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a associação entre os tipos de dependência para as atividades básicas e instrumentais de vida diária e a ocorrência de quedas de idosos. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com a utilização dos dados de 23.815 idosos, extraídos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2013. A PNS, realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e o Ministério da Saúde, apresenta dados coletados em 81.767 domicílios, em mais de 1.600 municípios. A associação entre a variável independente (incapacidades nas AVD) e a dependente (histórico de quedas) foi realizada por meio de análises brutas e múltipla, e de regressão. Resultados: Houve maior associação entre usar banheiro e fazer transferências (ABVD) e quedas, e entre fazer compras e cuidar das finanças (AIVD) e quedas. Ainda, a associação entre as ABVD e quedas foi maior para até quatro atividades, e as AIVD para até três atividades. Conclusão: Assim, os resultados obtidos na PNS reforçam o planejamento de estratégias preventivas, considerando a dependência funcional.

Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) in primary care centers in Chile / Rehabilitación basada en la comunidad (RBC) en centros de atención primaria en Chile

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the implementation status of the Community-Based Rehabilitation in Chile. METHODS Quantitative, transversal and descriptive study. The scope was constituted by the 66 community-based rehabilitation centers in the Chilean Metropolitan Region that implemented Community-Based Rehabilitation until December 2016. The sampling was based on a census method, so all the community centers were contacted. A self-administered questionnaire designed based on the Community-Based Rehabilitation matrix defined by the World Health Organization was applied. The questionnaire was answered on-line by the coordinators of the strategy in their respective centers. The data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS A heterogeneous level of implementation of Community-Based Rehabilitation was identified, specifically in terms of the components of the matrix described by the World Health Organization. The most implemented component was Health; the Social, Livelihood and Empowerment components were moderately implemented; and the Education component was the least implemented. CONCLUSION The implementation of Community-Based Rehabilitation is mainly based on the Health component. The level implementation of the other components of the matrix needs to be increased, as well as interdisciplinary and intersectoral strategies to achieve greater social inclusion of people with disabilities.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Describir el estado de implementación de la Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad en Chile. MÉTODOS Estudio cuantitativo, transversal y descriptivo. El universo estuvo conformado por los 66 centros comunitarios de rehabilitación de la Región Metropolitana de Chile que implementaron la Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad hasta diciembre de 2016. El muestreo tuvo intención censal, por lo que se contactaron todos los centros comunitarios. Se aplicó un cuestionario autoadministrado diseñado con base a la matriz de Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad definida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El cuestionario fue respondido on-line por los coordinadores de la estrategia en sus respectivos centros. El análisis de datos se realizó utilizando estadígrafos descriptivos. RESULTADOS Se identificó un nivel heterogéneo de implementación de la Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad, específicamente en cuanto a los componentes de la matriz descrita por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El componente más implementado fue Salud; los componentes Social, Subsistencia y Fortalecimiento fueron medianamente implementados; y el componente Educación fue el menos implementado. CONCLUSIÓN La implementación de la Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad se basa principalmente en el componente Salud. Se requiere aumentar el nivel de implementación de los otros componentes de la matriz, así como de estrategias interdisciplinarias e intersectoriales para lograr una mayor inclusión social de las personas con discapacidad.

Disability and post-trauma stress in the population over 15 years old in Kashan, Iran: A population-based study / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#One of the consequences of trauma-related injuries is disability. There are more than one billion people with disabilities worldwide. Disability in people reduces their quality of life. The goal of this study was to determine the rate of post-trauma stress and disability related to trauma in the population over 15 years old in Kashan during a solar year of 2018-2019.@*METHODS@#This is a cross-sectional population-based study. A cluster sampling method was used in the city of Kashan, and 3880 persons were interviewed with individuals randomly selected in each household. If a person had trauma during one year ago, the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 and Post Trauma Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist were applied for further interview. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test or t-test.@*RESULTS@#Among the 3880 participants residing in Kashan, 274 (7.1%) reported a history of traumatic injury during one year ago in 2018-2019. Incidence of all injuries was estimated to be 70.61 (62.60-78.70) per 1000 people. For the trauma population, 213 (77.7%) were male and 75.1% were married. About half of them (50.3%, 138/274) aged 21-39 years. The most common cause of injuries was related to traffic accidents: 140 (51.1%). Of the 274 trauma participants, 47 (17.2%) reported PTSD; 244 (89.1%) had a mild disability, and 30 (10.9%) reported moderate disability.@*CONCLUSION@#One of the main causes of disability in the human community is the traumatic injuries. According to the results of this study, 89.1% of trauma participants have sustained at last mild disability following trauma. These people require follow-up and post-treatment support. It should be noted that psychological complications such as PTSD are as significant as physical symptoms.

Employment status of people diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in Brazil / Situação de empregabilidade em pessoas com esclerose múltipla no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the employment status of Brazilians with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Analysis of a cross-sectional online survey including questions on demographic and occupational status at the time of diagnosis and survey completion, and time from the first symptom to diagnosis. Results: Of those who answered the survey, 804 Brazilians with MS were included. Median age of onset and current age were 28.3 and 36.2 years; median time to diagnosis and disease duration were 2.7 and 7.9 years; 67% held a university degree and 29% finished high school; 94% had a paid occupation contributing to the family income at least once in their lives, 77% were employed at the time of diagnosis but only 59% were employed at the time of survey. Longer disease duration, longer time to diagnosis and younger age at the first symptom, were identified as factors correlated with being unemployed. Conclusions: The rate of unemployment doubled after the first symptoms of MS, and only 59% of highly-educated people with MS in their productive years were employed. The longer time to diagnosis may imply treatment delay, and strategies focusing on early diagnosis and adequate treatment may favor employment retention and reduce disability related costs, such as social benefits and pension fund use.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o estado de empregabilidade de uma amostra brasileira de pessoas com esclerose múltipla (EM). Métodos: Estudo transversal incluindo informações demográficas e ocupacionais no momento do diagnóstico e atual, e o tempo do primeiro sintoma ao diagnóstico. Resultados: Foram incluídos 804 pacientes com EM, com mediana de idade de início dos sintomas e atual de 28,3 e 36,2 anos; tempo mediano para diagnóstico e duração da doença de 2,7 e 7,9 anos. Desta amostra, 67% possuíam diploma universitário e 29% terminaram o ensino médio. No total, 94% tiveram uma ocupação remunerada pelo menos uma vez na vida, 77% estavam empregados no diagnóstico, mas apenas 59% estavam empregados no momento da pesquisa. Maior duração de doença, maior tempo para o diagnóstico e menor idade no 1° sintoma foram os fatores relacionados ao desemprego. Conclusões: A taxa de desemprego dobra após os primeiros sintomas da EM, e apenas 59% das pessoas com alto nível educacional com EM em seus anos produtivos estão empregados. Maior tempo para o diagnóstico pode implicar atraso no tratamento, e estratégias com foco no diagnóstico precoce e tratamento adequado podem favorecer a retenção de emprego e reduzir os custos relacionados à doença, como benefícios sociais e uso de fundos de pensão.

Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil / Prevalência de esclerose múltipla em Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil

ABSTRACT Multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence, in some cities in Brazil, was estimated and was found to range from 0.75 to 30.7/100,000. The reasons for such a large variation in rates of prevalence are not clear, but environment and genetics help to explain this phenomenon. Methods: A cross-sectional study using three sources of case ascertainment to estimate the prevalence of MS in the city of Goiânia in December, 2015. Results: A total of 318 MS patients was found after removing overlapping sources. The prevalence of MS was 22.4/100,000 population. Conclusion: Our study was the first in Goiás and the third in the midwest region, and we found a great increase in the prevalence of MS in the region. It is necessary to perform other studies using the same methodology for a more accurate evaluation of the true prevalence of MS in Brazil.

RESUMO A prevalência de esclerose múltipla (EM) no Brasil foi estimada em algumas cidades e foi encontrada entre 0,75 e 30,7 / 100.000. As razões para tal grande variação nas taxas de prevalência não são claras, mas existem aspectos ambientais e genéticos para explicar esse fenômeno. Métodos: Foram utilizadas três fontes de averiguação de casos para estimar a prevalência de esclerose múltipla (EM) no município de Goiânia em dezembro de 2015. Resultados: Foram encontrados 318 casos de EM, retirando as sobreposições de fontes. A prevalência foi de 22,4 / 100.000. Conclusão: Nosso estudo foi o primeiro em Goiás e o terceiro na Região Centro-Oeste, e encontrou um grande aumento na prevalência de EM na região. É necessário realizar outros estudos utilizando a mesma metodologia para uma melhor avaliação da real prevalência da EM no Brasil.

Perfil de multimorbidade associado à incapacidade entre idosos residentes na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Brasil / Multimorbidity profile associated with disability among the elderly living in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo foi investigar as associações da incapacidade em três níveis (ABVD, AIVD e mobilidade) com doenças cardiovasculares, diabetes e multimorbidade, entre idosos residentes na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH). Estudo transversal em amostra representativa de adultos da RMBH, tendo sido selecionados 2.172 idosos (60 anos ou mais). A incapacidade, para cada domínio (ABVD, AIVD e mobilidade), foi avaliada como o relato de muita dificuldade ou necessidade de ajuda para realizar pelo menos uma atividade entre as investigadas, e as doenças autorreferidas incluíram hipertensão arterial, infarto do miocárdio e angina, acidente vascular encefálico (AVE), diabetes, e as combinações dessas doenças. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson ajustada, estimando-se também a fração atribuível populacional. Houve importante contribuição do AVE para a incapacidade em todos os domínios, com destaque para as ABVD, bem como do infarto/angina na incapacidade em AIVD e mobilidade, sobretudo quando combinadas com diabetes e hipertensão. O perfil de multimorbidade pode ser usado para identificação de grupos vulneráveis, que deveriam ser alvo de ações de prevenção e reabilitação, reduzindo o custo financeiro e social desse evento entre idosos.

Abstract The scope of this paper was to investigate the associations of disability in three domains (BADL, IADL and mobility) with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and multimorbidity profile, among the elderly living in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (MRBH). A cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 2,172 elderly persons (60 years and over). Disability, for each domain (BADL, IADL and mobility), was assessed as reporting great difficulty or need for help to perform at least one activity among those investigated, and self-reported diseases included arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction or angina, stroke, diabetes, and combinations of these diseases. Adjusted Poisson regression was used, and the attributable population fraction was also estimated. A major contribution of Cerebral Vascular Accidents (strokes) to disability in all domains was observed, especially BADLs, as well as the presence of infarction or angina in disability in IADLs and mobility, especially when combined with diabetes and hypertension. The multimorbidity profile can be used to identify vulnerable groups, which should be the target of prevention and rehabilitation, reducing the financial and social cost of this event among the elderly.

Spatial modeling of leprosy in the state of Bahia and its social determinants: a study of health inequities

Abstract BACKGROUND: Leprosy is a neglected disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Brazil has the second largest number of cases in the world. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the spatial distribution of leprosy in the state of BAHIA, Brazil, and the association between his occurrence and the synthetic indicators of municipal socioeconomic performance, social vulnerability and income inequality. METHODS: An ecological study with secondary data obtained from the National System of Notifiable Diseases. Dependent variables: coefficient of detection in the general population and in the population under 15 years old and the rate of grade II of physical disability. Independent variables: Synthetic indicators of socioeconomic performance, social vulnerability and income inequality. RESULTS: The highest coefficients of detection of new cases in the general population and in children under 15 years old are concentrated in the north-west axis and in the southern region of the state. On the other hand, the highest rates of degree II of physical incapacity are concentrated in the north, northeast and south regions. Only the Index of Social and Economic Performance(IPESE)-Economy and Finance composed the final regression model of the general detection coefficients and in children under 15 years old. The municipalities with the highest indexes had the highest detection coefficients, reflecting the capacity to diagnose new cases. STUDY LIMITATIONS: The use of synthetic indicators is a limitation of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Leprosy presents a heterogeneous spatial pattern in the state of BAHIA, and the IPESE-Economics and Finance indicator is the only one with explanatory potential of the disease.